GEE (Generalized Estimating Equations)
GEE (Generalized Estimating Equations) is one of the statistical analyses applied automatically in MerQur. This page illustrates — on a Sport Sciences sample dataset — how the analysis is run, what the MerQur output looks like, and how the result is reported in APA 7 format.
🎯 What is it for?
GEE (Generalized Estimating Equations) automatically performs, in the background, all the assumption checks required for the relevant data type (normality, homogeneity of variance, etc.) and presents the results with a clear table and chart. Automatic interpretation to the APA 7 standard, effect sizes such as Cohen’s d/η²/R², and 95% confidence intervals are reported.
📌 When is it used?
- Statistical analysis of measurements in the Sport Sciences domain
- To produce APA 7-compatible result tables for academic publications
- Hypothesis testing and decision-making processes
- Undergraduate / master’s / PhD theses after the appropriate method has been selected
📐 Assumptions
- Appropriate scale — Variables must be at the measurement level required by the analysis (nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio)
- Independent observations — Observations must come from individuals independent of one another
- Sufficient sample size — The minimum n requirement for the analysis must be met
- Outlier check — Outliers must be detected and evaluated
If assumptions are violated, MerQur automatically suggests a non-parametric or robust alternative.
🛠 How to do it in MerQur
Load the data. Select the sample file from File → Open. MerQur auto-detects column types.
Select the analysis. From the left side select GEE (Generalized Estimating Equations).
Panel assignments (form fields in the program):
- error:
cats() got an unexpected keyword argument 'max_unique'
Optional settings. Effect size ✓ · 95% confidence interval ✓ · Assumption checks (automatic).
▶ Run — click the button. Results are produced automatically as a table + chart.
📄 Export to Word. APA 7-formatted report with italic statistical symbols.
📊 Sample Dataset — Sport Sciences
ℹ Note: The scenario, MerQur output and interpretation below were produced by actually running the real example dataset in MerQur. Numeric results on your own data will differ; the goal is to show how the analysis is set up and interpreted end-to-end.
🎬 Example File
This analysis is demonstrated on the following example dataset for Sport Sciences:
Spor_Bilimleri/55_gee_program_performance.xlsx
🎬 Scenario
We model performance in repeated visit measures of the same athletes. For a population-average effect, GEE is appropriate.
⚙️ Variable Selection
- Dependent variable: performance
- Predictor(s): visit
- Cluster: athlete_id
Data Preview (First 5 Rows)
| athlete_id | visit | program | performance |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | dense | 79.7 |
| 1 | 2 | dense | 81.3 |
| 1 | 3 | dense | 83.2 |
| 1 | 4 | dense | 86.9 |
| 1 | 5 | dense | 88.6 |
n = 300 · Columns: athlete_id, visit, program, performance
📈 MerQur Output
💬 Interpretation
We modeled performance in repeated visit measures of the same athletes; the visit effect is significant (b = 1.91, p < .001). GEE estimates the POPULATION-AVERAGE effect rather than individual effects in repeated/clustered data and corrects within-group correlation with a “working correlation structure”. While LMM focuses on individual random effects, GEE focuses on the average trend. In sports science it is preferred for population-level questions like “what is the time/program effect in the average athlete?”.
⚠ Common Mistakes
- Misidentifying the data type (e.g., loading a categorical variable as numeric)
- Skipping assumption checks and going straight to the p-value
- Failing to report effect size — APA 7 requires both p and effect size
- Failing to apply a Type I error correction (Bonferroni/Tukey) in multiple comparisons
- Not switching to a non-parametric alternative when n is insufficient
📹 Video Walkthrough
Watch the video below for an end-to-end walkthrough of this analysis on a Sport Sciences file.
▶ GEE (Generalized Estimating Equations) — video walkthrough
This section is part of the Regresyon video (12 analyses in one video). The link below jumps straight to 17:21, where this analysis begins. Narration is in Turkish.
🎓 Education Sciences · 🧪 Natural Sciences & Mathematics · 🏛 Architecture, Planning & Design · ⚙ Engineering · 🏥 Health Sciences · 📊 Social, Humanities & Admin Sciences · 🌾 Agriculture, Forestry & Aquatic
📚 If You Used This Analysis, Cite MerQur
If you performed this analysis using MerQur in a scientific study, please use the citation below as part of your academic citation obligations (APA 7):
Örücü, Ö. K. (2026). MerQur: Integrated Academic Data Analysis & Reporting Platform [Computer software] (Version 1.0.0). https://doi.org/10.53463/merqur.2026001
For BibTeX, RIS, EndNote and the English citation form: all citation formats →
- American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
- Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). Sage.
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.